Science and Mathematics Should be Taught in English Debate

perception and maths Should be Taught in incline DebateIs it requirement for our government to implement study mathematics and Science in English? This has been a big issue among students lately because it is said to disturb their r pop outine modus vivendi of studying. Basically, we know that our Malayansias learning dodge encompasses education beginning from pre-school to university. Pre-tertiary education (pre-school to secondary education) is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education (MOE) while tertiary or higher education is the responsibility of the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE). The vision of the Government is to make Malaysia a centre of educational excellence. The implementation of English row in maths and Science has made a freshly aim in our education system now. Let us carry back to our main point, which is why the teaching of Mathematics and Science in English has become a controversial issue, and several recommendations argon made to resolv e the issue.Malaysia is a multicultural and multilingual country with Malay as the official national language. In order to unify the nation, a national education system with Malay as the medium of statement is beingness adopted for all primary and secondary schools. In 2002, the government announced the implementation of a new constitution in the national education system English is made the language of instruction in schools for the teaching of Mathematics, Science and technology subjects. These subjects had framingerly been taught in the Malay language. English as the language of instruction for Mathematics and Science (ELIMS or PPSMI as it is known in Malay) was implemented in stages, starting in 2003 for standard one (first grade of primary school), form one (first year of lower secondary) and the lower six (first year of upper secondary school). The decision to use English was based on the rationale that statement of English is regarded as an important mechanism for direct acquisition of knowledge in the field of science and technology (Ainan, 2003).The first controversial issue is that learning English in a second language is seen as un desirable when children encounter difficulty in interpreting the meaning of Mathematics and Science discourse. The purport of teaching Science and Mathematics in English is to enable students to acquire proficiency in English while learning Science. Many educational issues are crucial when learning takes place in students second language. In Malaysia, most learners encounter English for the first time in school. They find it harder to adapt the new change in our education system. This inadvertently impairs students learning abilities since learning in these subjects may be compressed within a complex linguistic classroom. The business of learning Science through a second language is compounded by other factors, such as teachers who are not salutary in English and the lack of good Science textbooks (Ong, 2004). The government cant come up with a good explanation when the issue of teachers who are not proficient in English were debated in the parliament because they were too busy in governing the economy of our country.The second most controversial issue in implementing English in teaching Mathematics and Science is that the non-Malay students who are the majority residence in urban areas indicated their preference of the use of English in learning Mathematics and Science while the rural students, were not supportive on the use of English language. Malaysian students and teachers are multicultural and have multilingual backgrounds. The implementation of PPSMI created smashing concern among parents and educators on the quality of Mathematics and Science education as both teachers and students are not proficient in the English language (The Star, 2006). This is expect as Malay language has been the language of instruction for more than four decades. Moreover, the teaching of non-science and Mat hematics subjects in schools continue to use Malay language. In a study to provide some baseline data for this concern, Juriah Long and colleagues (The Star, 2006) found that 60% of Mathematics and Science teachers were not fluent in the English language while except 45% said they are comfortable in using the language to teach. The students from the rural area find difficult to adapt and grad in Mathematics and Science subject compare to the students from the urban areas especially the non-Malay student can do better as they are more suitable in the second language compare to Malay language. If these matter continue, it will create havoc among the people in our country and this time, it will be worse than the 13th May tragedy.The implementation of English in teaching Mathematics and Science should be carry out and the government have come up with some solutions in improving this policy to overcome these problems. In order to compensate for students weakness in English language, t he teacher must take on the role of a translator in class. The teacher describe the teaching in the class as using first in the English, then take on the explanation again in Malay for the benefits of those who have low English proficiency. More time will be needed to convey the same purpose compared to when Malay language was used as the medium of instruction. Teaching time for Science and Mathematics may need to be increased. It is recommended that teachers continue to carry out code switching when conducting their Science and Mathematics lessons. In addition, teaching strategies may need to be modified so that students will not be denied a quality Science and Mathematics education. So far, much of the thrust of this policy has focused on upgrading the linguistic skills of teachers and providing them with technical support. Even extremely proficient and see teachers cannot teach their subjects entirely in English if the students are incapable of understanding them. This finding is supported by the information released by the Ministry of Education based on the mandated national level public examinations for all form three students (The Star, 2005). They found that despite learning Science and Mathematics in English for three years, only 33% of the Science candidates and 27% of the Mathematics candidates used English to answer questions. Most of the candidates, however, preferred to answer in either Malay or a mixture of both languages. For valid prisement of Science and Mathematics, the use of dual-language test-booklet as a language accommodation need to continue to ensure students are assess on their Science and Mathematics achievement and not their language ability.The government should be positive minded in enhancing the knowledge of our future students by implementing the policy of teaching Mathematics and Science in English so that our country can produce more efficient and dedicated students who are high in knowledge and good proficiency in English language. Thus, the linguistic abilities of their students are crucial in deciding to what extent teachers can implement PPSMI. All the teachers video display their main concern when teaching in English, making sure that students could understand the lesson. It is almost a reflexive action among teachers that as soon as their students look lost or seem unable to comprehend, they resort to translating the terms or specific portion of that lesson. Therefore, in classes where the majority of the students are academically able and linguistically proficient, the teachers must teach their lessons entirely in English. Meanwhile, with weaker classes, these teachers should use more Malay in class, by way of translation. As a result, instead of teaching Mathematics and Science in English, many teachers will end up teaching these subjects in English and Malay. This pedagogical response has much to do with the pressure that teachers tactile property about covering the syllabus within specif ic timelines so that students will be ready for school exams and mandated public exams. These exams take place at focalise times during the school year. This being the case, on the spot translation offers them the fastest route to achieving their goal of increasing students comprehension.

Key Players In Malaysia Airline Industry Tourism Essay

Key Players In Malaysia flight path Industry Tourism EssayThis chapter includes research background, problem statement, research objectives, research questions, and hypotheses of the study, logical implication of the study and chapter layout. Research background provides the boilersuit phenomena and background of the study. Problem statement consists of the issues that should be emphasized and more deeply develop in the research questions and hypotheses. subsequently clearly point out the research problem of the study, the research objectives to be accomplish and the research questions to be answered are discuss in the following as well. Hypotheses are developed from the proposed theoretical framework. Next section get out be significance of study which briefly explain the importance and the contributions of this study. Last section will be briefly outlines each chapter of the research report.The state of the air hose pains is truculent currently and the demand has decrease sh arply get alongd by many factors which is change to the air passage business club. Besides that, the global respiratory tract industry has forecast of deeper loss according to the international air transport association. In recent years skyway industry has been suffering from severe turbulence and faced its longest deepest crisis. However, at the macro-economic level Asia Pacific growth is impressive because Asian carriers led profitability with US$1.5 billion while other region are struggling such as US or European carrier lost in US billion. In the region operating margins averaged less than 2%, still the best performance in the world but most are below the 7% to 8% needed to cover the cost of capital and give investors an acceptable return. Initially, the crisis caused by the downturn of economic crisis, the external shocks such as the 11 family 2001 terrorist attacks, and the SARS epidemic. The industry economic relate is estimated at RM 11.9 trillion, which is well-nig h 7.5% of the world gross internal product annum. However, according to the the total passenger traffic in airline industry has expanded promptly with increasingly by 5% in the midst of 2000 and 2005, with an actual drop in 2001. (WTO, 2007). The development of air transport is an primary(prenominal) foreign exchange earner in the operate sector and developing comprehensive network of airport to facilitate trade, tourism and speed up socio-economic development.In Malaysia, the Malaysia telephone circuitport Berhad was incorpo charge per unitd in year 1991 focuses on operation and management. Malaysia airport has continually restructured and able to operate the airport with expensively business direction recently. In addition, the airline service in Malaysia consists of the domestic and international. The international airport in Malaysia only located in certain states which are in Kuala Lumpur (KLIA), Penang, Langkawi, Kota Kinabalu, and Kuching. Some of the domestic airports are located in every other state such as Perak, Kedah, Melaka, Sabah and Sarawak. There are four different types of the airline companies in Malaysia such as Malaysia respiratory tract System which is MAS, Air Asia, Firefly and Berjaya-Air. Furthermore, these airline companies are in different position and they are using different strategy to channelise different group of node.There are three different type of Airline Business Model in Malaysia such as full-service carriers, low-cost carriers and exceed carriers. Full-service carrier like MAS is defined as an airline friendship developed from the former state-owned flag carrier, through the market deregulation process into an airline community. On the other hand, low-cost carrier like Air Asia and Fire-Fly is defined as a low fare or no-frills airline, and they are designed to drive a competitive advantage in term of costs over a full-service carrier. Lastly, charter carrier like Berjaya-Air is defined as the airline compan y that operates flights outside normal schedules, by a hiring arrangement with a particular customer. The only function is to transport holidaymakers to tourist destinations. out-of-pocket to the decrease of growth rate and revenue, airline companies in Malaysia are having a high competition in baffle to acquire and go along the customers. thusly, the primary competitive weapon that Airline Company used is the price. Besides that, they need to search more other ways to increase their service quality and product differentiation to obtain the market advantage. The strategies that Airline Company adopted are the implementation of capacity controls, differentiated pricing by market segment, frequently flyer programs, and improving on-time performance to induce passengers redemption intention.Hence, the airline industrys competition is very fierce. In order to gain competitive advantage, the important factor is improving the airline service quality to the passengers. According to the Ostrowski et al (1993) shows that airline could acquire and retain their customer loyalty if they are continuing to provide perceived high quality run. As the final result, Airline Company provides the splendid service quality is important and it is the main agenda for all airlines in order to remain competitive.Key Players in Malaysia Airline IndustryInternational Airline CompanyLocal Airline CompanyJetstar Asia AirwaysMalaysia Airline SystemCathay PacificAir AsiaBangkok AirwaysFire-FlyChina AirlinesBerjaya-AirAir JapanAirfast IndonesiaVietnam AirlinesKorean Air1.2 Problem StatementTravel is the dream for every people as it can let people to achieve a relaxing mood and research to the world wide. With the needs of people to travel around the world, it helps airline industry to march on expand their business.However, many external factors have been upholding the airline industry hard to perform well. At year 2009, economic crisis lowered the purchasing power of traveler. Peopl e try to save their money and reduce the frequency of travelling. This has cause the sales performance of airline industry decrease dramatically. Besides, the diseases such as SARS and H1N1 have been frightening the people to travel to another country. People kind of stay at home for their health purpose. Political stability of one country also becomes an important factor lead to the willingness of people to travel. The unstable political condition such as Thailand will cause people not to travel to that certain country. The external factors are giving a big have-to doe with on the sales performance of an airline company.The highly competitive of airline industry after the entrance of AirAsia Airline in year 2001 caused the airline company need to use more strategies to attract the customer. At the first, Malaysia Airline monopoly the airline industry which there is no other airline company competes with it. Since AirAsia Airline drop off into the market offering the low cost air flight to the customer has been making the airline industry become more competitive. In order to retain the customer Malaysia Airline also tries to promote their air flight ticket at lower price at non peak season to attract the customer.Nevertheless, customer still switches in the midst of Malaysia Airline and AirAsia Airline often. This in turn means low cost air fares does not increase the customer cheer to continue patronage to the particular airline company. We need to discover the factor which to enhance the customer satisfaction in order loyal to only one airline company. There is lack of research from the past studies towards the factor which can increase the satisfaction of air flight passengers. Therefore, we need to do this research in order to figure out the factor that cause the customers satisfy with the service quality of airline service.Research accusingThe purpose of the investigation of this study can be divided into two categories which are general objective and specific objectives as belowGeneral ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to determine the relative impact of three dimensions of service quality (reliability and customer service, convenience and accessibility, and in-flight service) airline image and passengers satisfaction on repurchase intention among Malaysian airline passengers.Specific ObjectiveTo examine the impact of service quality in term of reliability and customer service, convenience and accessibility, and in-flight service toward passengers satisfaction and airline image.To examine the impact of service quality in term of reliability and customer service, convenience and accessibility, and in-flight service toward passengers satisfaction.To examine the impact of service quality in term of reliability and customer service, convenience and accessibility, and in-flight service toward airline image.To examine the impact of passengers satisfactions toward airline image.To examine the impact of passengers satisfaction toward repurchase intention.To examine the relative influences of passengers satisfaction, airline image on repurchase intention.Research QuestionsWe tend to improve our understanding whether there are any interrelated of each dimensions of the service quality, airline passengers satisfaction, airline image towards rising passengers repurchase intention by answer as below questionsDoes Airline service quality (reliability and customer service, convenience and accessibility, and in-flight service) have affirmative effect on passengers satisfaction and airline image?Which of the dimension of the service quality contribute the most to the customer satisfaction?Which of the dimension of the service quality contribute the most to the airline image?Will passengers satisfaction enhance airline image?Will satisfied passengers lead to their repurchase intention?Will passengers satisfaction and airline image influence passengers future repurchase intention? surmisalBelow are the hypotheses that covered in this study hypothesis 1aH0 There is a positive relationship between reliabilty and customer service with passengers satisfactionH1 There is a negative relationship between reliabilty and customer with passengers satisfactionHypothesis 1bH0 There is a positive relationship between convenience and accessibility with passengers satisfactionH1 There is a negative relationship between convenience and accessibility with passengers satisfactionHypothesis 1cH0 There is a positive relationship between in-flight services with passengers satisfactionH1 There is a negative relationship between in-flight services with passengers satisfactionHypothesis 2aH0 There is a positive relationship between reliabilty and customer service with Airline Image.H1 There is a negative relationship between reliabilty and customer with Airline Image.Hypothesis 2bH0 There is a positive relationship between convenience and accessibility with Airline ImageH1 There is a negative relationship between convenience and accessibility with Airline ImageHypothesis 2cH0 There is a positive relationship between in-flight services with Airline ImageH1 There is a negative relationship between in-flight services with Airline ImageHypothesis 3H0 There is a positive relationship between passengers satisfaction and airline image.H1 There is a negative relationship between passengers satisfaction and airline image.Hypothesis 4H0 There is a positive relationship between passengers satisfaction and repurchase intention.H1 There is a negative relationship between passengers satisfaction and repurchase intention.Hypothesis 5H0 There is a positive relationship between Airline Image and repurchase intention.H1 There is a negative relationship between Airline Image and repurchase intention.1.6 Significance of ResearchThis study is all-important(a) to the services provider or the airline company as well as the airline industry. Customer repurchase intention is one of the factors that will affect airl ine company business. Hence, this research will provides a better understanding on how airline service quality apply in service industry and how its dimension identifies the customer perception of airline service quality in airline industry customer perspective as well as their satisfaction and airline image affect repurchase intention.The airlines that focusing on retaining customers and influence their repurchase intention as the main source of competitive advantage. The airlines respond rapidly to increase pressure to restructure, consolidate and segment the airline industry will achieve competitive advantages in which airline service providers improve and tailoring their services and winning consumer preference and substantial customer base. In this context, this study aim to give a clear picture to airline service provider about the main driver affecting passengers satisfaction, airline image and passengers repurchase intention.Besides, customer repurchase intention affected by passengers satisfaction that the customer purchases are capableness repeat purchases when they satisfied with the airline services provided by service provider. By understand the significant of the repurchase intention and the determinanat factors drive repurchase intention lead the following study more comprehensive, future supplement and prove the proposed framework.In addition, researchers wish to identify the factors affecting Airline consumer toward the perception of service quality provided by several airline company in Malaysia. Moreover, this will create a good reference for those Airline Industries Company, marketer and academic people to make a further discovery and improvement of the airline service in order to attract and retain more Malaysian using local airline services. Due to competitiveness in airline service industry, gathering of this data will lead to a better understanding of the influencing level of the attributes on customer satisfaction. In return, research ers look forward to the opportunities for Malaysia Airline market share will expanding and increasing the usage rate of Airline services in Malaysia Country services.1.7 Chapter LayoutChapter 1 is the comment of this research overview. This chapter outlines the research background, research problem statement, research objectives, hypotheses and the significance of the study to the development of management theory and practice.Chapter 2 is the description of the literature review. This chapter is to build a theoretical foundation for the research by reviewing relevant journals and articles to identify research issues which are worth researching. Besides that, this chapter also provides a theoretical framework to fail with further investigation.Chapter 3 of the research project is the description of the methodology. Thus, it describes how the research is carried out in terms of research design, data collection method, sampling design, operational definitions of constructs, quantity scales and methods of data analysis.Chapter 4 is the description of data analysis. The chapter presents the results of the research after analyzed feedback from respondents. It includes several sections such as descriptive analysis, scale measurement, and inferential analyses.Chapter 5 involves discussion, conclusion and implication of this study. This chapter attempted to provide a summary of statistical analyses, discuss the limitations of the study as well as provide recommendations for further research and overall conclusion of the entire research objective set.1.8 ConclusionAs conclusion, this chapter provides a brief overview of the research. The direction, insight, and scope of the research will be presented to support the following chapters. Therefore each variable will be discussed in detail and the proposed conceptual framework will be illustrated by the following chapter 2.

The Articles of Confederation :: American America History

The Articles of ConfederationDuring the Revolutionary period, the United States and Britain had many conflicts. Between 1763-1776, there were issues among these two countries. Between 1780-1789, there were issues about the federal government and the states chthonian the Articles of Confederation. Two of these issues happened to be the foreign affairs between Britain and the United States, and the deliverance of the federal government. Subsequently following the French and Indian War, which happened to be where the British fought for the American colonies, Britain was in great need to pay its debts. Holding the war against the colonies, Britain decided to tax the colonies to pay for their large debt. Not being treated as members of the British Empire, the colonists were angered at the thought of being a source for Britain?s revenue. exerciseing in protest to what the colonies considered to be unjust laws, the colonists resisted attempts to be taxed, claiming as foresighted as they weren?t allowed fair representation in the English Parliament, they would not pay. In 1650, a series of laws called the Navigation Acts were issued for the American colonies although they did not come into generous effect until after the French and Indian War. These laws prohibited the trade of certain items, which made it difficult for merchants who relied on French, Spanish, and other foreign countries for business. These restrictions angered the merchants, seeing as they were not allowed to make specific products in the colonies any longer, Heavy tariffs made trade nearly impossible and led the colonists to believe Britain was purposely doing this to hurt the economy of the colonists. England enacted laws to create trouble with trade between the colonies and other countries. In 1764, the Sugar Act was issued this law taxed sugar, textiles, and other goods. One year following this the Stamp Act was put into effect, taxing all legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards. Short ly after, the Townshend Acts came into place, taxing lead, glass, iron, and manufactured goods within the colonies. The colonists became infuriated at these new laws stating they were too heavy and were levied without their designate consent. Britain thought it simply necessary to place troops in America for the safety and protection of their colonies. They thought since they were doing such a great favor for the colonies, that it was only fair, and that the colonists would not mind providing the supplies needed to tend and care for the troops sent there.

The Woman In White :: Free Essays Online

Wilkie collins, throughout his life, was haunted by what one may call a second self. As a young while he confided to Percy Fitzgerald how he was subject to a curious ghostly influence, having often the idea that someone was standing behind him and that he was tempted to look round constantly. This second self Collins spoke of alludes to the double identity he maintained and explored in his life as well as in his work. William Wilkie Collins was born January 8, 1824 to William John and Harriet Collins. Though it is supposed that his birth may have been a difficult one, as he was marked by a persistent deformation on his head, he enjoyed a quite happy childhood, his parents being blissfully in love and financially comfortable. Having traveled extensively around England and other countries in Europe, the family finally returned to London and Collins attended a private boarding school. Subsequent to leaving the school his is apprenticed to Edmund Antrobus, a tea merch ant, it is during his apprenticeship that he publishes his first work of fiction, The Last Stage Coachman. In May of 1846 Collins enters Lincoln Inn to study law, although he never exercised a career of the practice, he was able to use his acquired knowledge in writing his later novels. Two years later, the death of his father prompts Collins to write his first book, Memoirs of the Life of William Collins, Esq., Ra,. non long thereafter Collins becomes acquainted with Charles Dickens who would become a close friend and professional contemporary. In January 1859 Wilkie Collins meets Caroline Graves, and although Collins becomes associated with Martha rudd and fathers three illegitimate children with her, his relationship with Caroline Graves is said to inspired Collins to write The Woman in White. The Woman in White is a story of double identity. The innocent and frail character Laura Fairley is eerily doubled with the distraught and disturbed Anne Catherick. After Laur a enters into marriage with Sir Percival Glyde , he in order to take her inheritance, has Anne Catherick removed, under which circumstances she suspiciously dies, and Laura Fairley is remanded to the asylum in which Anne Catherick was once confined. Caroline Graves had concocted many identities of her own in which she used to disguise her poor and rather ambiguous past.

white fang :: essays research papers

Part I opens as London vividly describes the "wild, the savage, stock-still-hearted North domain of a function Wild." Two men, Henry and Bill, struggle to pull the long, narrow position of Lord Alfred on a dog sled through the cold, desolate terrain. Dressed in fur and leather, their faces are completely covered in frozen crystals. Making the setting bleaker, the men are being pursued by a pack of hungry wolves. Down to hardly three cartridges for their guns, the travelers are ineffectual to shoot at the wolves, whose behavior is becoming more brazen. Bill voices concern to Henry about an extra dog at feeding time, who appears out of nowhere and blends in with the six regular sled dogs. The next morning the men find one dog missing, lured away by the wolves. A dog that two men agree is not very smart. As Bill and Henry travel through the frozen, snow covered territory they notice the wolves following a little closer every day. Building fires at night to keep warm and to keep the wolves at bay, the men sense the animals closing in late but surely every day and every night. The next morning as Bill is feeding the dogs he notices the wolf (a she-wolf) amidst the sled dogs and is able to land a blow with a club. The following morning the men find another sled dog, Frog, gone. Unlike Fatty, the first dog to disappear, Frog was "no view dog" and also the "strongest of the bunch." The men eat a very gloomy breakfast, harness the sled and repeat another day across the frozen Northland. later on dinner, however, they decide to tie the dogs to stakes with leather straps to prevent another dog from running away to certain death. As they settle down for the evening the dogs run agitated and Bill and Henry look up to see the she-wolf wandering through the camp, eyeing the dogs. She is a decoy for the wolf pack, remarks Henry, luring the sled dogs away as pabulum for the pack. After much discussion, the men decide it would be prudent to use some of the remaining ammunition to take care of the troublesome she-wolf. Left with only three dogs, the men start out the next morning only to meet more catastrophe as the sled overturns on a self-aggrandising price of trail. Stuck between a tree trunk and a large rock, the men are forced to unleash the dogs to straighten the sled.

Abortion - The Wrong Choice Essay -- The Right to Life, Pro-Life Essays

Positive . How often do people hear that word? Your blood type is a confident(p). Are you positive? Your pregnancy test is positive. Thousands of women hear the word positive every year and, for some, the moment is unwanted. Abortion often seems like the besides way out of a positive pregnancy test, partially because abortion is not completely understood. This is because many pro-choice advocates use sugar coated words to explain abortion. This fact was do known to the public in 2004 when, while considering a law banning partial-birth abortions, Judge Richard C. Casey had the following conversation (exerted from World magazine) with an anonymous abortion-industry witness. Do you use sincere English words so that they know what theyre doing and authorizing? When the witness answered yes, he probed further. Do you discuss killing the fetus? I tell them that when I cut the umbilical cord of the fetus, the fetus exsanguinates. Exsanguinwhat? the judge replied. In laymans t erms, it would be drained of blood. Do you tell them that? No. Many people regard abortion as the scarce way out of an unplanned pregnancy and that is where they are mis conduct. While women retain the legal right to decide on abortion, theyre under the influence of an allusion that abortion is the only option and a safe and has little or no side effects. The Planned Parenthood website, often visited by women considering abortion, says that abortion is one of the safest medical procedures performed today. harmonise to Planned Parenthood, when abortion is performed properly, abortion has only mild side effects including dizziness, strong cramps, vomiting, temporary a domino pain, diarrhea, temporary mild fever or paints. Planned P... ... pregnancy, and certainly not the safest. Abortion poses risks to women, including desk, losses of Philip the two bear children, and possibly breast cancer. Aborting the fetus causes the fetus pain and takes away its life, something no ge ntlemans gentleman to do to another. Planned Parenthood and the National Abortion Federation?s desire to make abortion appealing to all women in all situations, has led them to compromise the law, to the point of not reporting statuary rate. Abortion is not the best answer to an unplanned pregnancy. It is understood that not all women can apprehension for their unborn children, but there are hundreds of families across the country who would be glad to adopt the unborn babies. The word ?positive? does not have to steer an abortion. Abortion is not the safest or only action, and women throughout the United States should be informed of that. And

Desensitization therapy for allergy: theory and practice Essay

Allergies are one of the most common complaints for which patients seek medical attention. They cut out patients lives and can even make others uncomfortable. While symptomatic relief can be obtained with antihistamines and similar medications, most patients would rather live completely symptom liberate and thus they turn to desensitization therapy. Here, I will explain the mechanism behind allergies and the different forms of desensitization therapies that are available today. An allergy is a hypersensitivity response by the immune system that occurs to certain antigens for which the body perceives as a threat and has an overreaction to. Patients generally experience inflammation of the airways, among other symptoms caused by the inappropriate rid of histamine. The purpose of desensitization therapy in the sensitised patient is to induce tolerance to the allergens that cause the patient to have symptoms.1 Several methods of desensitization therapy exist, the more promine nt universe subcutaneous injections and sublingual administration, and the less popular methods of intralymphatic and transcutaneous immunotherapy.2 Before desensitization can begin, however, it has to be determined what the patient is in fact allergic to. This is make by using purified antigen from the suspected allergen and doing either a skin test or a blood test. In the skin test, the suspected allergen is scratched into the skin and is optimistic when a wheal develops.3 In the blood test, the patients blood is mixed with the allergen in order to observe the presence of antibodiesspecifically IgE. Therapy can plainly begin when the appropriate allergen is determined because the immunotherapy is allergen specific. Allergens work by inducing a Type 1 ... ...lege of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. Aug 200697(2)126-137 quiz 137-140, 202.12.Ohashi Y, Nakai Y, Murata K. Effect of pretreatment with fexofenadine on the safety of immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhiniti s. Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology. Apr 200696(4)600-605.13.Larsen JN, Houghton CG, Vega ML, Lowenstein H. Manufacturing and standardizing allergen extracts in Europe. Clinical allergy and immunology. 200821283-301.14.Moingeon P, Mascarell L. Induction of tolerance via the sublingual route mechanisms and applications. Clinical & developmental immunology. 20122012623474.15.Iglesias-Cadarso A, Hernandez-Weigand P. Risk factors for systemic reactions to allergen immunotherapy. Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology. Dec 201111(6)579-585.